उ

ind. an enclitic copula used frequently in the Vedas वेद s

ind. (as a particle implying restriction and antithesis, generally after pronominals, prepositions, particles, and before नु and सु, equivalent to) and, also, further

ind. on the other hand (especially in connexion with a relative e.g. य उ, he on the contrary who &c.) This particle may serve to give emphasis, like इद् and एव, especially after prepositions or demonstrative pronouns, in conjunction with नु, वै, हि, चिद्, &c. (e.g. अय्/अम् उ वाम् पुरुत्/अमो .. जोहवीति [RV. iii, 62, 2], this very person [your worshipper] invokes you &c.) It is especially used in the figure of speech called Anaphora, and particularly when the pronouns are repeated (e.g. त्/अम् उ स्तुष /इन्द्रम् त्/अम् गृणीषे [RV. ii, 20, 4], him I praise, Indra इन्द्र, him I sing). It may be used in drawing a conclusion, like the English "now" (e.g. त्/अद् उ त्/अथा न्/अ कुर्यात् [S3Br. v, 2, 2, 3], that now he should not do in such a manner), and is frequently found in interrogative sentences (e.g. क्/अ उ त्/अच् चिकेत [RV. i, 164, 48], who, I ask, should know that?) Pa1n2ini पाणिनि calls this particle उञ् to distinguish it from the interrogative उ . In the Pada-pa1t2ha पद-पाठ it is written ऊम् . In the classical language उ occurs only after अथ, न, and किम्, with a slight modification of the sense, and often only as an expletive (see किम्)

ind. उ - उ or उ - उत, on the one hand - on the other hand

ind. partly - partly

ind. as, well - as.